Essay --

Immanuel Kant addresses a question often asked in political theory: the relationship between practical political behavior and morality -- how people do behave in politics and how they ought to behave. Observers of political action recognize that political action is often a morally questionable business. Yet many of us, whether involved heavily in political action or not, have a sense that political behavior could and should be better than this. In Appendix 1 of Perpetual Peace, Kant explicates that conflict does not exist between politics and morality, because politics is an application of morality. Objectively, he argues that morality and politics are reconcilable. In this essay, I will argue two potential problems with Kant’s position on the compatibility of moral and politics: his denial of moral importance in emotion and particular situations when an action seems both politically legitimate and yet almost immoral; if by ‘politics’, regarded as a set of princip les of political prudence, and ‘morals’, as a system of laws that bind us unconditionally. In Perpetual Peace, Kant writes, â€Å"all politics must bend the knee before right† (Kant, PP pg. 125). He claims that morals, in the sense of the doctrine of right, should demand more significance in political decisions, or even be the predominant consideration. To emphasize the lack of between morals and politics, Kant cites Matthew 10:16: â€Å"Be ye wise as serpents, and harmless as doves† (Kant, PP pg.116). Wisdom is not sufficient if it is not conducted towards a consistent purpose with an application towards morality. Kant considers the wisdom of the serpent to be used for the betterment of morality. Not only should politics be congruent with morals, but also properly conceived poli... ...metimes it is the mechanisms that keep the political wheels in motion. If politics were absolutely subservient to morality and honesty, it would seem not only rather unrealistic but also undesirable. In the face of this problem, a challenge for Kant would be to defend the practicality and intuitive desirability of ‘honesty is better than any policy’. Kant’s claim in Perpetual Peace supplies an inspiring vision of a just, peaceful and flourishing cosmopolitan world. It is true that morality and justice demand truthfulness, civil obedience and a full suite of basic rights and liberties; however, because human nature and emotion subsists of more than duty to moral law and there exists circumstances that demand lying, civil disobedience such as revolutions and the temporary restriction of rights and liberties, there does exist a conflict between morality and politics.

Feminist Undertones in Pride and Prejudice

FEMINIST UNDERTONES IN ‘PRIDE AND PREJUDICE’ Introduction Jane Austen authored the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’ in 1813, a period in the social history of England that saw most women as best equipped for the private and domestic realm. An ideal woman was the picture of chastity, innocence and compliancy. Even women authors in this period were expected to adhere to genres that were considered to be solely their domain- the refined arts, household management, love, courtship, family life and fidelity in the face of temptation.Although ‘Pride and Prejudice’ was primarily a romance between two free-thinking individuals, Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy, it has grave feminist undercurrents that are displayed to the reader in many incidents and conversations that ensue between the characters. The nineteenth century was one of progressive transience, especially for women who forged a new identity for themselves. Literature was a vital mouthpiece f or their miseries. Jane Austen takes a strong jibe at the existing patriarchy under the more dulcet tones of feminine affairs like love, courtships, gossip and bitchery.Austen’s protagonist Elizabeth Bennet is the second of five sisters in the Bennet family. Out of all her sisters, Elizabeth is the only one who exhibits a bent of mind that was rational and somewhat gumptious. Her principal concerns in life were not winning the affections of wealthy men in order to find herself a suitable match. Austen penned ‘Pride and Prejudice’ much prior to the time referred to as the age of New Woman Fiction and yet her writing is a powerful satire on the position of women in society and how this position limited their viewpoint to petty affairs.A good instance of this is the character of Mrs. Bennet or even Lady Catherine De Bourgh. Jane Austen explores various facets of the middle class society of nineteenth century England, successfully giving a panoptic view of the preval ent social mores and mindsets, especially those pertaining to the status of women. The different characters in her novel render a variegated purview of feminist notions. The Character of Mrs. Bennet and Austen’s Satirical Critique From the opening lines of the story Mrs. Bennet is put forth as a dominating, albeit directing, force in the Bennet household.Her very first dialogue with Mr. Bennet, wherein she tries to convince him to meet Mr. Bingley, a man of a fortune as handsome as his appearance, to try and fix a match for one of their daughters, is evident of her mindset. Her scope of interests in life is limited only to the stable marital settlement of her five daughters. Her husband is not of much interest to the reader because of his almost insipid outlook of affairs. Mrs. Bennet inspite of her condescending and parochial behavior is a multi dimensional character, interesting readers very much.Her outragous schemes to send Jane on horseback to Netherfield so as to make h er contract a cold to extend her stay at the Bingleys’ home, manage to shock those who believe in subtlety. Some critics have also referred to Mrs. Bennet as vulgar, a term too extreme for our times. However back then it probably had the connotation of something that was socially hideous. Mrs Bennet is also a prototype of how the women, repressed by society, had stopped striving for social and intellectual advancement. Mrs Bennet’s mental horizons are extremely narrow and she is not ashamed of this fact. Rather she is voluble, to an annoying extent.Mrs Bennet is unable to meet the parameters of decent conduct and behaviour as illustrated in many instances throughout the story. Mr. Bingley’s sisters are extremely repelled by her brash outspokenness, so much so that they use it as a means to break off Mr. Bingley’s association with Jane. Mrs. Bennet also displays an almost obnoxious double standard towards Charlotte Lucas, a very close friend of Elizabeth, by demeaning her appearance in front of her daughters and also Mr. Bingley. However Mrs. Bennet also exhibits some positively feminine inclinations in the course of the novel.One such instance can be her complete disdain for the fact that despite having five daughters, their estate should be inherited by Mr Collins, a complete stranger. Austen makes remarkable use of wit and sarcasm to impersonate Mrs. Bennet. Her novels use comic fiction as a chief means of exploring the individualisation of women’s lives and the revolution in the relation of the sexes at the beginning of the 19th century. Heroine Centric Novels Almost all of Jane Austen’s works feature a female protagonist and most of the other characters are women with a miscellenia of personalities.Austen’s heroines are free spirited young women who have a wide horizon of interests, be it Emma Woodhouse (Emma), Catherine Morland (Northanger Abbey), Marianne (Sense and Sensibility) or Elizabeth Bennet (Pride and Prejudice). In all of these novels the heroine is shown to have her own subjectivity and opinions of life, rather than play a restricted role in the background of the plot. Austen’s stories portray women and the problems faced by them in their daily life through a union of comic and moral indignation. Robert M Polhemus writes, Austen was disposed through comic license to ridicule the inadequacies and constraints of her society. † Through a lens of satire, Austen gave a candid view of the existing social, financial and sexual hierarchies in the middle class landed gentry of eighteenth century England. Women are a prime focus in all her stories and their methods of dealing with situations relating to love, marriage, family, inheritance and courtships. Virginia Woolf once said, â€Å"Austen’s characters are so rounded and substantial that people treat them as if they are ‘living people’. † The heroines in the novels had enough agency to exerc ise their will.They overcame obstacles very modernisitically. In the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’, the social world of Elizabeth, is scrupulously described, but within these limitations, the heroine as well as the hero, Mr. Darcy are allowed to achieve self expression. Love and marriage for them signify the control of egoism and misperception and the regenerative merging of the self with the ongoing community. With their earnest tone, clear narrative line, contemporary settings, drama and pathos, Jane Austen’s writings become a persuasive communicator of significant beliefs and values.Elizabeth Bennet is a vivacious young woman who, inspite of living in a society that curtailed the thoughts and actions of the fairer sex, lived freely and almost on her own terms. Her opinions of people and situations are rational and her sense of judgement is almost always sound. She possesses not only intelligence but is also sharp and has a great presence of mind. She reads books , plays the piano and loves walking in the outdoors, an act deeply condemned by Mrs Bennet as well as the Bingley sisters as not ladylike. However these attributes endear her even more to Mr. Darcy.Rachel Trickett, in her essay ‘Manners and Society’, writes â€Å"Jane Austen singles out the snobbery and limitation to censure it. She is the enemy of any kind of distinction that fails to take into account personal merit, worth and intelligence. † Elizabeth has clarity of thought and farsightedness that helps her to see things in the right perspective. Early in the novel she is depicted as being arrogant of her wit and her accuracy in judging the social behaviour and intentions. She believes not in a marriage of economic convenience, but in a marriage that is a result of love.Her acuity and sharpness is much admired by her friends, acquaintances and men who look to court her. However Elizabeth’s quickness also sometimes leads her to misunderstand the actions of others, like in the case of Mr. Wickham’s opnions of Mr. Darcy which are dispelled after she receives Darcy’s self explainatory letter, following his first proposal of marriage to her. Through Elizabeth, Austen tries to promote the image of a sovereign identity of a woman who is as subjective as her male counterparts. Narrative style used to convey feminist themeThe novel in some instances does objectify men, though in obvious humour. This is hinted in the opening lines of the story, â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrouding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. † The author gives an exhaustive overview of each character’s mindset, adhering to no stereotypes. The man and the woman are treated equally, the description of their human psyche not influenced by any sexual convention. Their characteristic virtues and shortfalls are viewed through an objective lens. Mr. Darcy’s disposition isn’t perfect, nor is Elizabeth’s. If Mrs. Bennet is shown to be an annoying, domineering figure then Mr. Bennet’s sarcasm and witty remarks are equated with almost indifference. Jane’s kindness is sometimes over-the-top and in many instances harms her own situation rather than helping her. Charlotte Lucas’ marriage of convenience to Mr. Collins doesn’t turn out to be exactly as comfortable as she had imagined.From the above examples, one may say that Austen’s narrative style is lucidly analytical of personal psyches, interpersonal relationships and social mores. The heroine is a woman of substance, not bowing to set patterns of society. The strings of relationships are drawn and managed by her while the men, though attractive in their characterization are usually arranged in the backdrop. Jane Austen cannot be called a feminist openly, because she never ventured into this foray directly. Rather, her works contain her feminist recollections running collateral to the story, which can be easily enough interpreted.Austen’s writings cannot be termed as a feminist rhetoric because they positively lean towards a humourous critical overview of the prevalent attitude towards women in the middle classes of England and the usual perception one had of them. Austen’s representation of the characters and incidents in familiar context to the readers made their acquaintance with her feminist impartations more intimate. One could connect and emapathise with the characters due to their individuality and familiar spirit. Elizabeth Bennet could easily be imagined as one’s own sister, friend or neighbour.Thorugh the novel, Austen doesn’t disgrace any character for cutting t hrough conventions. For instance, frivoulous Lydia is finally honourably united to Wickham. By the mores of her own society, Lydia must, and it turns out to be no great embarrassment or humiliation to either party. Their fate is that they deserve each other and are completely unabashed by their mutual unworthiness (a very different conclusion from the conventional fate of the ruined girl in the late- eighteenth-century novel and a comic reversal of the expected and entirely typical of Jane Austen’s realism.Jane Austen’s own childhood and upbringing indicates that despite rigid codes of manners in the conduct of everyday life, the education and sphere of action of a young woman of the time was considerably less restricted. Her writings denounce the objectification of women for social dissection and analysis. Arnold Kettle, in his 1951 essay on ‘Emma’, saw Jane Austen’s highly critical concern over the fate of women in her society as a â€Å"positive vibration†. Austen showed a clear and commitment to the rational principle on which women of the Enlightenment based their case.Many parallels have been drawn between Elizabeth Bennet and Jane Austen herself, illustrating the positively feminine and rational side of the author. In a Victorian social structure that had incorporated an idealized version of femininity, repressing the woman figure into the margins, Austen’s fresh approach to regarding women in a progressive light, through literature has been widely acknowledged and appreciated. She is very often referred to as the most loved feminists of all time. In Pride and Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet breathes life into a new perception of a New Woman.BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Grey, J. David ed. The Jane Austen Handbook ( London, 1986) 2. Southam, B. C. ed Jane Austen- The Critical Heritage (London and New York, 1968) 3. Watt, Ian â€Å"Introduction to Jane Austen- A Collection of critical essays† (Englewood Cliffs. N. J. , 1963) 4. Luria, Gina The Feminist Controversy in England (New York, 1972) 5. Kirkham, Margaret Jane Austen, Feminism and Fiction (London, 1982) 6. Harman, Clare Jane’s Fame, How Jane Austen Conquered the World (Edinburgh, 2009)

History of Egypt Essay - 1387 Words

History of Egypt The rich history of Egypt is tied very closely with the Nile River’s fertile banks and existence as a source of water. Flowing south to north, this massive river has had a tremendous impact on agriculture, transportation, religion, migration of populations, and culture as a whole. The narrow Nile Valley as well as the surrounding deserts provided defense and isolation from the arising cultures of the time. Over many centuries, the rainfall has affected the levels of flooding on the Nile and therefore the way in which the Egyptians had to live. This region is rich with cultural and historical records of the ongoing relationship of culture and society with the environment and the Nile. Cairo is the capital of Egypt†¦show more content†¦Over the next 1,000 years the settlements along the Nile grew from small villages living primarily off of wheat and barley with the occasional sheep or pig to larger villages with constantly developing irrigation. The Nile was becoming an increasingly important element in the lives of those settled in Northern Africa. Ancient Egypt Egypt began its first dynastic period with the unification of Upper (southern) and Lower (northern) Egypt by King Menes. Menes established the 1 st Dynasty of Ancient Egypt by declaring himself Pharaoh and assuring that his son, Har-Aha, would rule after him. What many consider â€Å"Ancient Egypt† began in the 3 rd Dynasty in which the Pharaoh Zoser built the first surviving pyramid. In 2600 BC, Khufu (Cheops) built the Great Pyramid of Giza, the largest pyramid still standing. The following Pharaohs, son and grandson of Khufu, Chephren and Mycerinus also built pyramids in Giza. The famous statue of the Sphinx was also built during this time period but without slave labor as many historians once believed (www.scinet.cc/articles/egypt/historyofegypt.html). The capital city, known as Memphis at the time, was located about 25 km south of today’s Cairo. The â€Å"Capital of the Pharoahs† grew over the next few centuries but the power of the Pharaohs declined due to the increasing power of the Nomes, which were similar to modern Mayors or Governors. 2200 BC marked the end of the OldShow MoreRelatedHuman History and Egypt1422 Words   |  6 Pagesthe sun, moon, and stars at the most important times of the year. These structures can be found throughout Europe today. These structures are also what made the Neolithic Age so revolutionary. 5. Because Egypt developed along the banks of the Nile River, this gave way to the birth of agriculture. Agriculture was one of the most important elements of Egyptian society. Agricultural villages thrived along the Nile River ,Read MoreHistory Of Egypt And Southwestern Part Of Egypt1104 Words   |  5 Pagesthe northwestern part of Sudan and southwestern part of Egypt (Kehl and Bornkamm, 1993) were with great effective moisture, which are evident from archaeological sites associated with remnants of playa or lake deposits. This was the source of recharge in the NSAS. The estimated recharge rates of the pluvial period were a little high at the Uweinat highlands and central Sudan area (7–15 mm/year), and low in northern Sudan and southern Egypt area (6–8 mm/year) (Fig. 13). During the filling-up processRead MoreThe History Of Protests In Egypt873 Words   |  4 Pagestheir involvement in politics/laws are still a major con troversy in many countries. Women’s rights have their own funding in not just individual nations, but also through the United Nations. It’s a category that needs special focus and attention. Egypt has more recently used public presidential election as means for electing a leader. While this is still a new concept, having someone besides Hosni Mubarak in control is an even newer concept for people to grasp. Due to unrest he was forced to stepRead MoreHistory Of Egypt : The Middle East Essay1495 Words   |  6 PagesEgypt is the Middle East’s only authentic emerging market story, and it has the most compelling long-term potential. The costs of the revolution in terms of lost economic output, higher levels of debt and much reduced savings have been high and will continue to mount while growth remains sub-trend. However, the fundamentals that established Egypt as an attractive economy pre-revolution – its demographics, geographical position, natural resources, infrastructure and service sector needs – are intactRead MoreHistory And Traditions Of Ancient Egypt886 Words   |  4 PagesThe history and traditions of a people can be reflected in its compos itions because the writing often preserves the values, concerns, and characteristics of the era. While the canonical literature of a civilization often reflects the most highly prized attributes of the society, more typical pieces of writing tend to offer a unique and realistic perspective on the civilization’s lifestyle. A collection of ancient Egyptian love poems written by average citizens was uncovered in Deir el-Medina andRead MoreGeography And Climate : Ancient Egypt1443 Words   |  6 Pages Location, Geography and Climate Ancient Egypt is known to have been the world’s longest lasting civilization due to their unique climatic and geographic conditions, a stable hierarchical society of government, and a religion that revolves around death and afterlife. Egypt’s glory went on for over four millennia from around 5500 B.C.E. to its conquest by the Greek in 332 B.C.E. Egypt is located in the northern edge of the Sahara desert, with the river Nile dissecting the land from the south toRead MoreThe World Earliest Report Of Dramatic Production Comes From The Euphrates Of The Nile River1178 Words   |  5 PagesThe world earliest report of dramatic production comes from the banks of the Nile river in Egypt. It is in the form of a stone tablet preserved in a German museum. It contains the sketchy image of a man named Ikhernofret who was a representative of the Egyptian King. It shows the role he played in a performance of the world s first recorded Passion Play somewhere around the year 2000 B.C. Egypts main form of public performance, theatre and producing were passion plays up untill then end of 1600Read MoreThe Nile Is Unknown1219 Words   |  5 Pagestoday learn about Egyptians being polytheistic , but they learn that most religions today are monotheistic, and see it as odd for the Egyptians to worship something in hands reach. Despite the belief of the Egyptian author, Akhenaten, a pharaoh of Egypt, has a different attitude. Akhenaten writes to praise Aten and introduce the new idea of monotheism. From beginning to end, Akhenaten’s hymn argues to the Egyptians that there is only one god and his name is Aten. He makes the point that Aten is theRead More The History of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt Essay1323 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt are both cradles of civilization. Both contributed greatly to human development through their achievements, failures, peoples, scientific accomplishments, philosophies, religions, and contributions. Mesopotamia is a rich flat plain created by deposits from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. At the southern end of this plain developed the first recognizable civilization, in the area known as Sumer. In 3000Read MoreThe History Of Ancient Egypt : Egyptology And The Concept Of Culture Appropriation934 Words   |  4 PagesGoing beyond Katy Perry’s music video, Ancient Egypt is seen as an exotic place in contemporary tourism of Egypt. Many people go to Ancient Egypt because they know that there are geographical differences, mummies, pyramids, tombs and artifacts that seem foreign to many people living in the 21st century. In popular culture, Ancient Egypt seems like a lavish civilization in the middle of the desert. In many ways, the Ancient Egyptian culture draws in tourism for those who are curious about the Ancient

Analysis Of Night And Human Nature - 1006 Words

Nikolina Besic N. Besic 1 Mr. Sylvestre ENG 2D1-01 7 January 2016 Analysis of Night and Human Nature Human nature can be analyzed through feelings, characteristics, and behavior. Humans are capable of expressing different emotions such as hate, frustration, remorse, happiness and other emotions depending on the situation they are encountering.Various aspects of human nature can be observed through many forms of media. Often times humans are portrayed in a negative way, however there are certain cases where they are portrayed positively, like in the memoir Night by Elie Wiesel. Evil acts, discrimination towards others, and perseverance for survival, are all apart of human nature. Human nature are the distinguishing characteristics of the way people feel, act, and think. All of these things are separate from any outside influences. Unfortunately one of the most popular human emotions evil, is shown many times throughout the memoir Night. Elie Wiesel s Night examines human life in a variety of sick and evil circumstances.These extreme conditions show how, when pushed too far, humans are capable of cruelty.Woman began murdering their own parents to survive, people starved to death, and worked to the bone. The famous Auschwitz saying â€Å"Work sets you free† is a faithless promise made to the prisoners. After experiencingShow MoreRelatedSocio Demographic Characteristics Of Respondents Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesof environment related NGOs in most part of the country. Findings on trip characteristics (Table 2) showed that 80.0% visit the parks occasionally which were an indication that the ecotourists were not frequent in the parks. Furthermore, 76.6% were night visitors, 45.7% were in the group size of 6 individuals or more, an indication of large group size while 72.6% stayed for a day and 46.0% had visited the parks in the last five years. The leisure activities mostly engaged in by the visitors was gameRead MoreA Poison Tree Analysis Essay977 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: Analysis of William Blake’s A Poison Tree (1794) Analysis of William Blake’s A Poison Tree (1794) Jayne Courtney Kendall Brandman University Abstract This analysis is going to explore each segment to better understand the meaning the author was trying to express and the lessons that we in these words that transcends through all ages. The exploration and analysis will look further in to what we can take away from this writing and lesson we can learn in order for our soul’sRead MoreUnsex Me Here Macbeth Analysis Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesScene Analysis: Macbeth Act 1 Scene 5 Act 1, Scene 5 is a soliloquy spoken by Lady Macbeth after she has read her husbands letter, and when she knows from the messenger that the king will be arriving that night. The raven himself is hoarse That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan Under my battlements. 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The nature in the poems makes the poem an intimate piece in which most readers can identify withRead MoreThe Gift: Lies in Nature’s Lessons1406 Words   |  6 PagesAlbert Einstein said the following pertaining to humans’ verses nature: A human being is part of the whole called by us universe, a part limited in time and space. We experience ourselves, our thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest. A kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from the prison by widening our circle

The Death Of Anwar Al Awlaki Essay - 1162 Words

The Death of Anwar al-Awlaki One cannot listen to the news or commentaries without hearing a controversial story that will cause you to pause and emit an ahem sigh. In view of the recent tragedies around the world that affect America and Americans, one might reach a point of bewilderment and become reluctant to watch or listen to the news, however; if you are enrolled in a political science class, it is necessary to involve yourself in current events. The questionable killing of an American citizen was a forerunner event that caused discussion and debate. His name was Anwar-al-Awlaki who was killed in Yemen. The Washington Post posted an article in September of 2011 that announced the killing of an American citizen living in Yemen. It reported that the Central Intelligence Agency , under the direction of the President, had murdered an American citizen who happened to be a militant/radical Muslim cleric who was connected to multiple terrorist attacks, terrorist training, and was talented at internet usage. The primary question surrounding this incident was whether or not the killing of this American citizen was justified, and following it was the question; â€Å"Did the President of the United States have the power to authorize the killing?† One has only to examine the annuals of American history and review the very beginning of this country s fight to gain its freedom from England and early colonization to get insight into the murder of patriots. Now I am far from being anShow MoreRelatedEssay on Homeland Security is More Important than Civil Liberties1469 Words   |  6 Pagesthe CIA Put a U.S. Born al Qaeda Figure on its Kill List?† the American Civil Liberties Union and Central Intelligence Agency debate whether the United States can target one of its citizens with armed drones without the due process of law guaranteed by the Constitution. According to The Washington Times, President Barack Obama, put Anwar al- Awlaki on the kill list and approved his targeted killin g in April 2010 because United States officials recognized that Anwar al-Awlaki was a danger to UnitedRead MoreA Brief Note On The Terrorism And Terrorism1064 Words   |  5 Pagesattacks of September 11, 2001, the US has taken huge measures to make sure there were not foreign attacks made on US soil again, but what about domestic attacks? The attacks of 9/11 left more than 3,000 civilians dead and more injured, but the number of deaths caused by homegrown terrorism far exceeds that number. Because of the amount of homegrown terrorism in the US one starts to think is homegrown terrorism a bigger threat to the US than international terrorism? Post 9/11 Attacks Made on the US In 2001Read MoreThe Latest Terror Threat: Targeting the Elements of the US Information Infrastructure981 Words   |  4 Pagescapabilities of al-Qaeda and other terrorist networks, as confirmed by the leading authority on terrorism and its effects, and national security analyst for the CNN network, Peter Bergen, who observed recently that the Obama administration has played a large role in reducing terrorist threats by continuing and scaling up many of former President George W. Bushs counter-terrorist methods (Bennetch 1). Despite the substantial progress made in the last two years to decapitate and destroy al-Qaeda andRead MoreWar on Terror Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesof the Cuban Missile Crisis (Marfleet, 1997) in the sixties, the United States has become increasingly more relaxed as to the possibility of an attack on American soil. Since the attack on the Twin Towers in September of 2001, by the terrorist group al-Qaeda, the United States has again become more aware and alert to this possibility. Not only did the attack on the United States bring Americans together as a country united, it also brought on changes that included the newly developed Department ofRead MoreThe Truth Behind Cia Drone Strikes2590 Words   |  11 PagesPercentage of Civilian Deaths of the total killed in Pakistan from 2004-2011 Civilian Causalities from Drone Strikes in Yemen Table 2: CIA Drone Strikes Conducted in Yemen from 2001-2011 Illegal CIA Drone Strikes CIA Drifting from its Primary Mission Transferring Drone Strikes to DOD Violated Rights of American Citizens American Citizens Killed in Yemen Violating the American Constitution Conclusion Works Cited î ¿ ¾ Tables and Figures Table 1: Percentage of Civilian Deaths of the total killedRead MoreInformation Security and Risk Management1473 Words   |  6 Pagescapabilities of al-Qaeda and other terrorist networks, as confirmed by the leading authority on terrorism and its effects, and national security analyst for the CNN network, Peter Bergen, who observed recently that the Obama administration has played a large role in reducing terrorist threats by continuing and scaling up many of former President George W. 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Treatment Rehabilitation of Grade II Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injury Free Essays

Introduction The superficial medial collateral ligament (MCL), and other medial knee stabilisers (most notably the deep medial collateral ligament and the posterior oblique ligament) are the most commonly injured ligamentous structures of the knee (Grood, et al., 1981; Hughston, 1981; Phisitkul, et al., 2006; van der Esch, et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Treatment Rehabilitation of Grade II Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injury or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2006). The majority of MCL tears are isolated and predominantly occur in young people participating in sports activities. Typically, the mechanism of injury involves valgus knee loading, external rotation or a combined force vector- particularly prevalent in sports such as football and skiing which involve these type of forces and repetitive knee flexion (Peterson, et al., 2000). In the United States, occurence of these types of injuries to the knee has been reported to be 0.24 per 1000 during any given 12 month cycle and to be twice as high in males – 0.36 compared with 0.18 in females (Daniel, et al., 2003). In actual fact, the incidence of these types of injury is probably much higher than reported as many minor MCL injuries are never even assessed or treated by medical personnel. In terms of treatment, the approach to medial knee injuries has changed dramatically over recent years. As the understanding of the anatomy, biomechanics, and causes of medial knee injuries has evolved, as has the treatment. Whilst in the 1970’s and 1980’s surgical treatment for MCL injuries was common place, today most MCL injuries are treated conservatively with early rehabilitation (Phisitkul, et al., 2006). In general, all isolated Grade I and II tears and even the majority of Grade III tears can be treated non-operatively with a supervised, functional, rehabilitation program. Excellent results can be expected with return to full pre-injury activity level being the norm (Bradley, et al., 2006). This paper will research and interpret some of the relevant literature that is available to us, with the aim of developing and implementing a functional rehabilitation plan (in keeping with the principles of soft tissue healing) that is suitable for the treatment of a Grade II MCL injury of a 33-year-old, male, semi-professional footballer (the patient). General Knee Anatomy The knee joint, is the largest and most complex synovial joint of the human body (Bradley, et al., 2006). Figure 1: Anterior view of the patellofemoral joint. Hawkins (2009) The patella, patella ligament and femur combine to form the patellofemoral joint (Saladin, 2001). The patella itself is a triangular-shaped sesamoid bone that is attached to the quadriceps tendon. This tendon inserts into the trochlear groove on the femur and primarily acts to increase the ‘mechanical advantage’ of the quadriceps muscle group (Hamill Knutzen, 1995). The lateral and posterior aspects of the knee joint are encapsulated by a joint capsule whilst the anterior section of the knee is protected by the patella ligament (and its retinacula). The quadriceps and the hamstrings are the prime movers of the knee joint – knee ‘extensors’ and ‘flexors’ respectively. The quadricep group of muscles are located on the anterior part of the thigh and comprise of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius. They converge on the patella tendon, travel over the patella and insert onto the tibial tuberosity. In addition to knee extension, the quadriceps group of muscles (in combination with the iliopsoas) are also responsible for flexion of the hip (Saladin, 2001). The hamstring muscles are found on the posterior section of the thigh and comprise of the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus. They are responsible for the flexion of the knee joint and (together with the gluteus maximus) the extension of the hip joint (Saladin, 2001). The main stabilisers of the knee are the quadriceps tendon (to front of the thigh) and the semimembranosus tendon (at the back of the thigh) (Saladin, 2001). The medial and lateral collateral ligaments are primarily responsible for preventing the knee from rotating during extension (Saladin, 2001). The anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior cruciate ligament stop anterior and posterior translation of the tibia relative to the femur (Saladin, 2001). Specific Medial Collateral Ligament Anatomy Medial knee stability is provided, for the most part, by its ‘medial static’ and its ‘dynamic’ stabilisers. The medial static stabilisers, which work as an integrated unit, are the superficial MCL, the posterior oblique ligament and the middle third of the deep MCL. The dynamic stabilisers are the per anserinus tendons – most notably the semimembranosus tendon (Peterson Renstrom, 2001). The superficial MCL is, on average, 11cm long and 0.5cm wide. It originates from the medial femoral condyle (anterior to the tubercle) and travels, distally, to insert 5-7cm below the joint line on the anteromedial tibia (just below the insertion of pes anserinus tendons). The anterior fibres of the superficial MCL tense during knee flexion whilst its posterior fibres slacken. The superficial MCL is tight during external rotation of the knee (Peterson Renstrom, 2001). The middle third of the deep MCL is a short structure – about 2-3cm long – and is attached to the meniscus underlying the MCL. This part of the ligament is relatively ‘slack’ to facilitate knee motion whilst short enough to hold the meniscus firmly in position. In terms of injury, the deep MCL can be ruptured both proximally and distally to the meniscal attachment (regardless of the location of the tear of the superficial MCL). The posterior oblique ligament is a thick capsular ligament originating just behind the superficial MCL (at the condyle just below the joint line). The posterior oblique ligament becomes ‘slack’ during knee flexion (Peterson Renstrom, 2001). Biomechanics Biomechanical studies show that the MCL’s main function is to resist valgus (outward side motion of the leg) and external rotation forces of the tibia in relation to the femur . The superficial MCL has been found to be responsible for 57% of medial stability at 5? of knee flexion and up to 78% at 30? knee flexion. The deep MCL accounted for 8% at 5? and 4% at 30? whilst the posterior oblique accounted for 18% and 4% respectively. Mechanism of Injury The player reported to the clinic approximately 24 hours after the injury occurred. The player was able to weight bear. When asked how the injury occurred the player stated that he was running at pace to ‘close down an opposing player’ and then described performing a ‘change of direction’ or ‘cutting’ manoeuvre. He stated that as he planted and pushed off his right leg, he experienced a sudden excruciating localised pain and an immediate lack of stability in his right knee. This caused him to collapse. As stated, the primary mechanism of injury to the MCL is most commonly a valgus stress (Fetto, et al., 1978). However, due to the position of the knee and the force vectors involved, a combined flexion/valgus/external rotation injury is usually the end result (Hayes, et al., 2000). The vast majority of MCL injuries are from a lateral force to the distal femur with the foot being fixed to the ground, although non-contact valgus external rotation injuries are common – the latter being particularly prevalent in sports such as football and skiing (Perryman, et al., 2002; Pressman, et al., 2003). Because of the complexities of knee injuries, it is important to perform a complete knee examination in order to rule out other potential problems such as fractures, cruciate ligament tears, menisci ruptures or chondral cartilage damage (Bradley, et al., 2006). Physical Examination/Clinical Assessment The best time for examination of the knee is immediately after the injury before muscle spasm occurs (Phisitkul, et al., 2006). Unfortunately, as in this case, that is not always feasible. However, a 24 hour period of rest and immobilisation (which the patient undertook) is usually sufficient for muscle spasm to subside and relaxation to occur (Hughston, et al., 1976). This allows an effective examination and assessment of the injury. The injury was examined and assessed through a combination of subjective and objective approaches. Important initial information obtained through speaking with the patient and preliminary observations included the location of pain, the ability to ambulate after the injury, time and onset of swelling, the presence of deformity, and the immediate site of tenderness (Indelicato Linton, 2003). The location of oedema and tenderness can accurately identify the injury site of the superficial collateral ligaments in 64% and 76% of cases respectively (Hughston, et al., 1976). The exact location of injuries of the deep MCL and the posterior oblique ligament are more difficult to palpate because of their deep-seated position, but pain and tenderness in this area can at least indicate the presence of injury to these posteromedial structures (Sims Jacobsen, 2004) On asking the patient to indicate the most painful spot, he pointed to the medial aspect of the right knee joint. The area indicated by the patient suggested injury to the MCL. Contralateral comparison of the knees was carried out in order to identify areas of oedema and/or deformity. Significant swelling and slight discolouration was observed on the medial aspect of the right knee joint. Upon palpation of both knee joints, a noticeable heat differential was felt in the affected area. While keeping the patient relaxed, a valgus stress test (MCL test) was performed with the knee in 30? of flexion (figure 1), and compared to the contralateral knee as a control. The examination was then repeated with the knee in 0? of flexion to recruit the function of remaining posteromedial structures (figure 2). The valgus stress test proved positive in contralateral comparison in 30? of flexion and negative in 0? of flexion. The absence of laxity in the second test reduced suspicions of any associated injuries to the secondary restraints such as the cruciate ligaments and the posterior capsule. In addition, a number of other tests were carried out to assess whether any injuries, commonly associated with MCL injuries, were prevalent (bone bruises, ACL tears, lateral collateral ligament tears, medial meniscus tears, lateral meniscus tears, and posterior collateral ligament tears). Anteromedial rotatory instability (often present when there is evidence of anterior subluxation of the medial tibial plateau during a valgus stress test with the knee in 30? of flexion) was assessd by performing the anterior drawer test (figure 3) whilst holding the tibia in external rotation. This proved negative and therefore ruled out the possibility of a posterolateral knee injury rather than a medial knee injury. Lachman’s test (figure 4) and the Pivot shift test (figure 5) were also performed to negate the existence of any ACL rupture whilst Murray’s test (figure 6) was carried out to assess the integrity of the Meniscus cartilage. All these tests also proved negative. The results of the assessment supported the initial belief that the patient was suffering a superficial MCL injury with the posterior oblique ligament still intact and no associated damage to either the cruciate ligaments or meniscus cartilage of the knee. Radiograph In accordance with the Ottawa knee rules (Stiell, et al., 1997) it was decided that radiographs were not required for this injury. More recent work has shown the Ottawa knee rules to be very successful in reducing unnecessary radiography, whilst ensuring a high level of recognition fractures (Bachman, 2003). The Ottawa knee rules state that a radiograph is required only in patients who have an acute knee injury with one or more of the following: Age 55 years or older Tenderness at head of fibula Isolated tenderness of patella Inability to flex to 90Â ° Inability to bear weight both immediately and in the emergency department Classification of Injury In 1976 (revised in 1994) Hughston standardised MCL injury classification into two related systems – the severity system (Grade I, II III) and the laxity system (grade 1+, 2+ 3+). Under this combined classification system, Grade I involves a few damaged fibres resulting in localised tenderness but no instability or laxity. A Grade II injury involves a disruption to substantially more fibres, with more generalised tenderness but still no instability (although it is not uncommon for a degree of laxity with the knee in 30? flexion). A Grade III injury is a complete tear of the ligament with resultant instability and laxity. Grade III injuries are then sub-classified according to the extent of laxity (determined by the amount of absolute joint separation from valgus stress with the knee in 30? of flexion). Grade 1+, 2+, and 3+ laxities indicate 3-5 mm, 6-10 mm, and more than 10 mm of absolute medial separation respectively. Fetto and Marshall (1978) defined Grade I injuries as those without valgus laxity in both 0? and 30? of flexion, Grade II injuries as those with valgus laxity in 30? of flexion but stable in 0? of flexion, and Grade III as those with valgus laxity in both 0? and 30? of flexion. The injury was subsequently classified as an isolated Grade II MCL injury in accordance with Hughston (1976 1994) and Fetto Marshall (1976). Using a full return to sport as an indicator of a successful end point, Ellsasser et al (1974) treated 74 professional football players with incomplete tears of the MCL using a functional rehabilitation program. In this study, a success rate of 98% was found compared with a 74% success rate for a separate group treated surgically. In the non-operative group, return to play occurred between 3 and 8 weeks. Return to play was even quicker in a study by Derscheid and Garrick (1981). They treated football players with Grade I and Grade II injuries with a specific rehabilitation programme. Players with Grade I MCL injuries returned to full play in an average of 10.6 days, whereas those with Grade II MCL injuries returned in an average of just 19.5 days, with neither group showing a propensity for injury reoccurrence. Based on this research, a consensus on the time it would take for the patient to return to full sporting activeity would be 3-8 weeks. Treatment and Rehabilitation Objectives An appropriate treatment and rehabilitation plan is required to restore normal function to the knee joint and the surrounding soft tissues with a view to enabling the patient to return to his sport as early and effectively as possible – with no residual symptoms and a minimal risk of injury reoccurrence All soft tissue injuries, regardless of their nature and severity, undergo the same three stages of healing – the inflammatory phase, proliferation phase and the remodelling phase. The time required to complete each healing stage is dependent up on the nature and severity of the injury. However, of note, numerous investigations comparing surgical and non-surgical treatment have reported no advantages of surgical intervention over non-surgical intervention (Quarles Hosey, 2004; Phisitkul et al., 2006). The following treatment and rehabilitation plan was designed and implemented to address the needs of the patient. Inflammatory Phase (up to 72 hours post injury) The inflammatory phase is characterised by heat, redness, swelling and pain – generally leading to a loss of movement and function. The goals of treatment at this stage were: Protect injury Control oedema Prevent associated muscle atrophy Regain range of motion Increase weight bearing capacity Maintain general fitness/strength P.R.I.C.E (Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation) The P.R.I.C.E. regimen is employed following injury with a view to controlling the haemorrhage, decreasing inflammation, reducing tissue metabolism and minimising secondary hypoxic injury, cell debris and oedema. Research has suggested that the sooner after injury that cold therapy (cryotherapy) is started, then the more beneficial the reduction in metabolism will be (Knight et al., 2000). Elevation has been shown to have a significant effect on reducing effusion (O’Donohue, 1976). The patient reported that he had already applied ice intermittently during the 24 hour period between injury occurrence and assessment – approximated to have fulfilled 4 x 20 minute applications of crushed ice at 2 hourly intervals with the knee in an elevated position in line with commonly agreed protocol. He also reprted that he had kept the injured limb elevated for sustained periods. Measurement On inspection the right knee was swollen over the lateral aspect with a small amount of visible bruising. At this time the patient was asked to indicate his level of pain using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Measurement of the girth of the knee was also taken using a tape measure whilst active flexion and was also assessed using a goniometer. These measurements would be continually reassessed throughout the rehabilitation process in order to assess progress and outcomes. Continued active flexion was also encouraged at this time. Simple ‘knee bend and straighten’ exercises, with the patient lying in a supine position on an exercise mat – the movement repeated 10-20 times, 3 times a day, with a view to increasing active range of movement (figure 1) . The patient was also instructed in different exercises to maintain cardiovascular fitness and upper body conditioning. The patient also received a massage to the upper and lower leg (particularly the quadriceps group of muscles) in an elevated position using effleurage techniques to aid removal of waste products via the lymphatic system – reflexive muscular inhibition of the quadriceps has been thought to be the result of the pain associated with MCL injury (Dixit, et al., 2007). The knee was then strapped. Strapping The knee was strapped to assist healing and reduce the risk of aggravating the injury. The knee was strapped in a position of 30? flexion with the lower leg partially rotated inwards (figure 1). A combination of ‘lower leg and thigh anchors’, ‘medial cross’ and ‘medial straight line’ taping techniques, using zinc oxide tape and elastic adhesive dressing, were employed to provide suitable support for the patient and reduce and valgus stress (figure 2). Experience has shown that this type of strapping is preferable to the use of a knee braces in Grade II MCL injuries as the strapping can be re-applied whenever required with the correct level of compression and support required. There is some concern that functional braces may expose athletes to additional risk by imparting a false sense of confidence. It is reported that lower extremity muscle strengthening, flexibility improvements, and technique refinement are more important than functional bracing in treating ligamentous knee injuries (Christenson, 2010). The patient was advised to continue elevating the limb, as much as possible, for the following 24 to 48 hours. Anti-inflammatory medication Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication (ibuprofen) was prescribed to the patient, via NHS Direct, two hours after injury. Whilst some studies have shown no early adverse affect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on the strength of healing torn MCL’s (Moorman, et al., 1999), it remains controversial as to whether inhibiting the inflammatory response is uniformly advantageous. Pain and disability following injury are in part due to the inflammatory response and, whist it is suggested that decreasing the inflammation decreases the symptoms (therefore allowing earlier rehabilitation) (Weiler, 1992), it is also important to consider that inflammatory cells are responsible for clearing away cell debris and necrotic fibres – and without this phagocytic function regeneration may not be able to begin (Reynolds et al., 1995, Almekinders et al., 1986, Jones 1999). As the patient reported that the pain had subsided over the last 24 hours (measured using a visual analogue scale), he was advised to continue taking the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication only when necessary. Proliferation Phase (3-21 days post injury) The proliferation stage involves the repair and regeneration of the injured tissue (development of new blood vessels, fibrous tissue formation, re-epithelialisation and wound contraction) and begins approximately 72 hours after injury. The goals of this rehabilitation phase included: ? Decrease effusion ? Decrease pain ? Restore full range of motion ? Enhance joint strength ? Introduce proprioceptive exercise ?Achieve full pain free weight bearing statu Maintain general fitness and strength levels It has been stated that ligaments heal with a stronger and more organised collagen fibril architecture when early mobilisation and exercise is employed during the healing process (Osborne and Rizzo, 2003). Therefore, in addition to continuing the treatments introduced during the inflammatory phase (ice, intermittent compression, and massage), manual joint mobilisation techniques were also employed at this stage. Comprehensive zinc oxide and elastic adhesive strapping, removed and re-applied by the patient whenever necessary (particularly during active flexion exercises), was also continued. Pain scale assessment, ankle girth measurement and goniometer measurements were continually monitored throughout the proliferation phase. As stated, n the proliferation phase, the goals are to continue re-establishing full range of motion, increase muscular strength/power/endurance, and adding in functional activities. Exercises include isotonic exercises to isolate and strengthen particular muscle groups, such as in the hip and thigh regions (knee extension, leg press, hamstring curls and hip exercises). In order to re-establish the dynamic stability of the knee joint, it is crucial to strengthen the hip and calf musculature, with an emphasis on progressive Closed Kinetic Chain exercises (such as wall squats, step-ups, lateral lunges and stair climbing) that foster proprioception (Wilk et al., 1996). Range of Movement (RoM) Range of movement exercises were significantly progressed from the inflammatory phase. Active and passive movements continued with the addition of manual mobilisation techniques for the knee joint. The following advanced knee stretches were utilised with a view to restoring movement to the joint and improve flexibility of muscles crossing the knee. The patient was advised to carry out each separate muscle group stretch 3 times daily (provided they do not cause or increase pain). i. Quadriceps Stretch Treatment couch was used for balance. Heel taken towards your bottom, keeping knees together and back straight until patient felt a stretch in the front of their thigh (figure 1). Held for 15 seconds and repeated 4 times at a mild to moderate stretch (pain free). ii. Hamstring Stretch Patient’s foot was placed on chair. With knee and back straight, patient leant forward at hips until he felt a stretch in the back of his thigh/knee (figure 2). Held for 15 seconds and repeated 4 times at a mild to moderate stretch (pain-free). iii. Calf Stretch With patient’s hands placed against the wall, his leg was stretched behind him as demonstrated in figure 3. Keeping his heel down, knee straight and feet pointing forwards, the patient gently lunged forwards until he felt a stretch in the back of his calf/knee. Held for 15 seconds and repeated 4 times at a mild to moderate stretch (pain-free). iv. ITB Stretch Patient’s leg was placed behind his other leg and taken as far away from him as was comfortably possible. Patient then pushed his hips to the side of his leg until he felt a stretch in the outer thigh/hip (figure 4). Back was kept straight throughout. Held for 15 seconds and repeated 4 times at a mild to moderate stretch (pain-free). v. Adductor Stretch Standing tall, and with back straight, pateint’s feet were placed approximately twice shoulder width apart. Patient then gently lunged to one side, keeping his other knee straight, until he felt a stretch in the groin of his straight leg (figure 5). Held for 15 seconds and repeated 4 times at a mild to moderate stretch (pain-free). Increased range of motion was also enhanced by using a stationary bicycle (Wilk et al., 1996). Strengthening Strengthening work for the lower limb musculature continued in a progressive form (as pain allowed). The following knee strengthening exercises were designed and implemented with a view to improving the strength of the muscles surrounding the patient’s injured knee. The patient began with the basic knee strengthening exercises, advanced to intermediate knee strengthening exercises and eventually undertook the advanced knee strengthening exercises. A.Basic Exercises To begin with, the following basic knee strengthening exercises were performed approximately 10 times each, 3 times a day, during the first week of rehabilitation. As knee strength improved, the exercises were progressed by gradually increasing the repetitions and strength of contraction. i. Static Inner Quadriceps Contraction Patient was instructed to tighten his quadriceps muscle group by pushing his knee down into a rolled towel (figure 1). Placing his fingers on his inner quadriceps (vastus medialis) allowed the patient to feel the muscle tighten during contraction. Held for 5 seconds and repeated 10 times as hard as possible pain free. ii. Quads Over Fulcrum Patient was instructed to lie on his back, with a rolled towel under his knee, and told to relax the knee (figure 2). Patient then slowly straightened his knee as far as possible tightening the front of his thigh (quadriceps). Held for 5 seconds and repeated 10 times as hard as possible pain free. iii. Static Hamstring Contraction Patient began this exercise by sitting with his knee bent to about 45? (figure 3). He then pressed hisr heel into the floor tightening the back of his thigh (hamstrings). Held for 5 seconds and repeated 10 times as hard as possible pain free. B. Intermediate Exercises The following intermediate knee strengthening exercises were generally performed 1-3 times per week (during weeks 2 and 3 of the rehabilitation programme). Ideally they were not performed on consecutive days, to allow muscle recovery. As the knee strength improved, the exercises were progressed by gradually increasing the repetitions, number of sets and/or resistance of the exercises provided they did not cause or increase pain. iv. Knee Extension in Sitting vs. Resistance Band Patient sat with with his knee bent and a resistance band was tied around his ankle (figure 4). Keeping his back straight, patient slowly straightened his knee, tightening his quadriceps. He performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. v. Hamstring Curl vs. Resistance Band The patient was instructed to lie on his stomach with a resistance band tied around his ankle as shown (figure 5). He then slowly bent his knee whilst tightening his hamstrings (figure 6). He performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion vi. Squat with Swiss Ball Patient stood with his feet shoulder width apart and facing forwards. A Swiss ball was placed between the wall and his lower back to add an element of proprioception (figure 7). Patient then slowly performed a squat, keeping his back straight. His knees were kept in line with his middle toes and did not move forward past his toes. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. vii. Lunges Patient stood with his back straight in the position shown (figure 8). He then slowly lowered his body until the front knee was at a right angle (figure 9). His knee was kept in line with his middle toe and his feet facing forward. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. viii. Heel Raises Patient used treatment couch for balance (figure 10). Whilst keeping his feet shoulder width apart and facing forwards, patient slowly move up onto his toes – raising his heels as far as possible and comfortable without pain. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. C.Advanced Exercises The following advanced knee strengthening exercises were generally performed 1 – 3 times per week (from week 4 of the rehabilitation programme onwards). Ideally they were not performed on consecutive days, to allow muscle recovery. As the knee strength improved, the exercises were progressed by gradually increasing the repetitions, number of sets or resistance of the exercises provided they did not cause or increase pain. ix. Single Leg Squat with Swiss Ball Patient stood on one leg with his foot facing forwards. A Swiss ball was placed between the wall and his lower back to incorporate a proprioceptive element (figure 11). Patient slowly performed a squat, keeping his back straight. Patient ensured his knee did not bend beyond 90? and was in line with his middle toe. His knee didn’t move forward past his toes. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. x. Lunges with Weight Patient stood holding light weights, with his back straight in the position shown (figure 12). He slowly lowered his body until the front knee was at a right angle. Knee was kept in line with his middle toe with feet facing forward. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. xi. Single Leg Heel Raises Patient stood on one leg with treatment couch for balance (figure 13). Keeping his foot facing forwards, patient slowly moved up onto his toes, raising his heel as far as possible and comfortable without pain. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. xii. Hamstring Curl on Swiss Ball Exercise began with patient lying on his back with a Swiss ball under his legs as demonstrated (figure 14). Keeping his back straight, patient slowly bent his knees and tightened the hamstrings. Performed 3 sets of 10 repetitions on each occasion. Proprioception ‘The awareness of position, movement or balance of the body or any of its parts’ (Prentice, 1994). As observed in the ‘Strengthening’ section of the proliferation phase, early proprioception exercises are started at this point. Many of the more basic strengthening exercises identified were progressed by getting the patient to close his eyes closed and/or changing the surface that he was standing on e.g. mini trampoline, air filled cushion, sponge cushions, wobble and rocker boards. During the proliferation phase all proprioceptive work is undertaken with the injured joint strapped with zinc oxide strapping – providing confidence to the patient by its perceived level of support. Other specific proprioception exercises used at this stage included: Balance on swiss ball (figure 1) Balance on trampette (figure 2) Balance during leg press (figure 3) Dips on uneven surface (figure 4) Balance on Bosu ball (figure 5) Balance while throwing ball to alternate hands (figure 5) The exercises were progressed by time and/or by increasing the repetitions. All exercises would be performed bilaterally. Variations for proprioceptive exercise were almost endless – a vital element in avoiding patient and therapist boredom. It was also important to this rehabilitation programme that exercises could also be carried out at home (as patient also had a full time job). Cardiovascular fitness and general strengthening was also addressed at this time using circuit training, swimming and cycling. Remodelling Phase (21 days to 12 months post injury) The remodelling phase of healing is a long-term process – often taking years to complete (Prentice, 1994). Factors that can impede the rate of healing are varied and include surgical repair, poor vascular supply, infection, disease, wound size, health, age and nutrition In terms of rehabilitation, during this phase more aggressive strengthening and mobilisation was required to ensure optimum tissue realignment and strength. The goals of treatment in the remodelling phase were: ? Regain full strength ? Ensure full pain free range of motion ? Maintain overall conditioning ? Prepare for return to full participation Range of Motion (RoM) exercises continued with a greater emphasis being placed on ‘hands on work’ in the form of joint mobilisation to ensure full movement is achieved. The strengthening work that was started in the proliferation phase was continued and progressed (in terms of resistance, speed and repetitions) whilst further emphasis was placed on general fitness at this time – introducing more sport specific activities. Running drills were progressed from linear to exercises involving change of direction at high pace with and without a ball. Specifically, when the patient was able to run at 75% of maximum speed, figure 8 drills were used beginning with 20m and then 10m figure 8’s. Advanced cutting drills at 45? and finally 90? were also added. Proprioception exercises will be progressed, with a more sport specific content. This involved hopping onto various unstable surfaces (figure 1), hopping on a mini trampoline whilst side foot volleying a ball (figure 2), hopping forwards, sideways and backwards over hurdles at varying pace (figure 3) and practising the kicking action whilst planting the foot on an unstable surface (figure 4). Throughout this phase and when returning to full function the patient continued to wear zinc oxide and elastic adhesive strapping to minimise the possibility of recurrence of injury. Ice was used predominantly after exercise to guard against recurrent pain and swelling. When an athlete achieves the goals of the remodelling phase, they are close to returning to full participation. As earlier identified, Derscheid and Garrick treated 23 Grade II MCL patients and all were returned to playing football within 19 days (4 to 19 day range, 10.6 day mean). However, many of these athletes did not feel they were 100% for several weeks. For this reason, further rehabilitation including strengthening, dynamic knee stabilisation, plyometrics, SAQ drills and proprioception exercises should be completed until the athlete feels 100% and is able to play without inhibition (Wilk et al., 1996). Maintenance exercises, even after return to sport, that promote continuation of strength, endurance, and function are also vitally important to consider (Wilk et al., 1996). Pre Discharge The pre-discharge stage is vital. It is the time for the therapist and patient to decide whether or not a return to full unrestricted activity can take place. Return to full activity was allowed once the following were achieved: Ligamentous examination is normal Quadriceps strength is 90% or greater than the contralateral limb Sport/activity specific agility testing causes no pain To achieve these requirements, the patient was asked to do everything that is expected of him when returning to their chosen sport, including replicating the conditions in which the injury was caused. In this case the patient was required to run, sprint, jump, tackle, pass the ball over varying distances, change direction at speed and be able to withstand full physical contact. Cardiovascular fitness would be assessed by repeating the baseline testing done in pre-season and comparing the results Rehabilitation does not stop at this stage and the patient was instructed to continue with his proprioception and specific strengthening exercises for several months to minimise the chances of injury recurrence. Conclusion/Summary When undertaking the treatment and rehabilitation of medial knee injuries it is vital to understand and comply with the underlying pathology during the stages of healing to ensure optimum results. The treatment goal for any competitive athlete is an early and effective return to sport, without any residual symptoms and minimal risk of recurrence. This is achieved by following an individually tailored treatment and rehabilitation program with a built in maintenance plan to be continued well beyond the initial return to activity. References Abbott, L.C., Saunders, J., Bost, J.C. (1944). Injuries to the ligaments of the knee joint. J Bone Joint Surg, 26: 503. Almekinders, L.C. (1999). Anti-inflammatory treatment of muscular injuries in sport: an update of recent studies. Sports Medicine, 28(6): 383-388. Bachman, L.M., Kolb, E., Koller, M.T. (2003). Accuracy of Ottawa ankle rules to exclude fractures of the ankle and midfoot. British Medical Journal, 326: 417-419. Bleakley, C., McDonough, S., MacAuley, D. (2004). The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft-tissue injury. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 32: 251-261. Bradley, F., Giannotti, M.D., Rudy, T., Graziano, J. (2006). The Non-surgical Management of Isolated Medial Collateral Ligament Injuries of the Knee. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev, 14(2). Christenson, R. (2011). Ligaments of the Knee: ACL and MCL sprains and tears. Pure Sports Medicine. Cohn, B.T., Draeger, R.I., Jackson D.W. (1989). The effects of cold therapy in postoperative management of pain in patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 17: 344-349. Daniel, D.M., Pedowitz, R.A., O’Connor, J.J., Akeson, W.H. (2003) 2nd Edition. Daniel’s knee injuries: ligament and cartilage structure, function, injury, and repair. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Derscheid, G.L., Garrick, J.G. (1981). Medial collateral ligament injuries in football: non operative management of grade I and grade II sprains. Am J Sports Med, 9:365-368. Dixit, S., Difiori, J.P., Burton, M., Mines, B. (2007). Management of Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome. Am Fam Physician. 74: 194-202, 204. Ellsasser, J.C., Reynolds, F.C., Omohundro, J.R. (1974). The non-operative treatment of collateral ligament injuries of the knee in professional football players. J Bone Joint Surg, 56a: 1185-1190. Fetto, J.F., Marshall, J.L. (1978). Medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee: a rationale for treatment. Clin Orthop, 132: 206-218. Grood, E.S., Noyes, F.R., Butler, D.L., Suntay, W.J. (1981). Ligamentous and capsular restraints preventing straight medial and lateral laxity in intact human cadaver knees. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 63: 1257-69 Hamill, J., Knutzen, K.M. (1995). Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement. Philadelphia; Lippincott Williams Wilkins: 86-88, 227-233. Hawkins, R.D., Hulse, M.A., Wilkinson, C. (2000). The association football medical research programme: an audit of injuries in professional football. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 35: 43-47. Hawkins, W. (2009). The Will to Perform: A Female Athlete’s Epidemic. Hayes, C.W. (2000). Mechanism-based pattern approach to classification of complex injuries of the knee depicted at MR imaging. Radiographics, 20: S121–S134. Hughston, J.C. (1994). The importance of the posterior oblique ligament in repairs of acute tears of the medial ligaments in knees with and without an associated rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament. Results of long-term follow-up. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 76: 1328-44 Indelicato, P.A. (1983). Non-operative treatment of complete tears of the medial collateral ligament of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg, 65a: 323-329. Indelicato, P., Linton, R. (2003). Medial ligament injuries in the adult. Philadelphia; Saunders: 1938-1949. Knight, K.L., Brucker, J.B., Stoneman, P.D. (2000). Muscle injury management with cryotherapy. 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Phisitkul, P., James, S.L., Wolf, B.R., Amendola, A. (2006). MCL injuries of the knee: current concepts review. Iowa Orthop J, 26: 77-90 Prentice, W.E. (1994). 2nd Edition. Rehabilitation techniques in sports medicine. St. Louis; Mosby. Pressman, A., Johnson, D.H. (2003). A review of ski injuries resulting in combined injury to the anterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligaments. Arthroscopy, 19(2): 194-202. Quarles, J.D., Hosey, R.G. (2004). Medial and lateral collateral injuries: Prognosis and treatment. Prim Care Clin Offce Pract, 19: 957-975. Reider, B., Sathy, M.R., Talkington, J. (1993). Treatment of Isolated medial collateral ligament injuries in athletes with early functional rehabilitation. Am J Sports Med, 22: 470-476. Reynolds, J.F., Noakes, T.D., Schwellnus, M.P. (1995). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs fail to enhance the healing of acute hamstring injuries treated with physiotherapy. South African Medical Journal, 85(6): 517-522. Saladin, K.S. (2001) 2nd Edition. The Unity of Form and Function. New York; McGraw Hill Company: 327-338 Sims, W.F., Jacobson, K.E. (2004). The posteromedial corner of the knee: Medial-sided injury patterns revisited. Am J Sports Med, 32(2): 337-345. Stiell, I.G., Wells, G.A., Hoag, R.H., Sivilotti, M.L.A., Cacciotti, T.F., Verbeek, P.R., Greenway, K.T., McDowell, I., Cwinn, A.A., Greenberg, G.H., Nichol, G., Michael, J.A. (1997). Implementation of the Ottawa Knee Rule for the Use of Radiography in Acute Knee Injuries. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278: 2075-2079. van der Esch, M., Steultjens, M., Ostelo, R.W., Harlaar, J., Dekker, J. (2006). Reproducibility of instrumented knee joint laxity measurement in healthy subjects. Rheumatology (Oxford), 45: 595-599 Warren, L.F., Marshall, J.L. (1979). The supporting structures and layers on the medial side of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg, 61a: 56-62. Weiler, J.M. (1992). Medical modifiers of sports injury: the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in sports soft tissue injury. Clinical Sports Medicine, 11(3): 625-644. Wilk, K.E., Andrews, J.R., Clancy, W.G. (1996). Nonoperative and Postoperative Rehabilitation of the Collateral Ligaments of the Knee. Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine, 4(3): 192-201. How to cite Treatment Rehabilitation of Grade II Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) Injury, Essay examples

Organisation Change Management for Hofstede Model - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOrganisation Change Management for Hofstede Model. Answer: Change is inevitable and there are many factors that affect the change process and the effectiveness of change at the place. Culture and power are two of the factors that affect the change process in the country. This essay revolves around the cultural analysis of Singapore and Australia and its effect on any type of change that occurred in the organisation of that particular county. The focus is also on how these national culture influences the French and Ravens five bases of power in the country. The last part of the essay describes about the use of power in change programs and its effectiveness (Todnem 2005, 369-380). Hofstede model is the model that can be best suited for analysing the cultural dimensions of the countries. It has several elements that need to be discussed in order to analyse the various cultural aspects of the country power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, long term orientation and indulgence. If Singaporean culture is explored, it has been realised that it is a multi-ethnic society having 77% of the Chinese, 6% of Indians and around 15% of the Malay with 2% of the expatriates. On the other hand, Australia is the country with around 67% British origins residing there followed by some of the European ethnicities and only 3% of the Aboriginal natives are left (Smith 2005, 408-412). The first element of Hofstede that is power distance deals with acceptance of the unequal distribution of power amongst the people in the organisation by the less powerful people. The scoring in this element suggests that Singapore scores more in this context and people are dependent on their managers for decisions. This is because of the majority of Chinese people in the country who believes in Confucian teachings (Kang, Syen, and Mastin 2008, 54-56). On the other hand, Australia scores low in this context which suggests that the structure of the organisations are flat in Australia and subordinates can reach up to managers with convenience. The next element is individualism that deals with degree of interdependence of the members in the society on each other. In terms of being individualism, Australia is the country that scores very high on this. This suggests that the people in Australia expected to care for themselves or their immediate family. In organisations, employees are self-reliant. Singapore in this context scores very low and this justifies that the society is collectivist in Singapore. The people believe in we and not in I (Soares, et al. 2007, 277-284). Masculinity is another element that is considered in this context. It is the context that deals with the factors that motivates the people at the country. the country with masculine nature feel motivated by competition and wants to be the best while society on the feminine side believes to do what they like to do. Singapore scores 48 in this aspect and is in the middle of the scores but it is technically on feminine side(Migliore 2011, 38-54). It is the society that believes in quality of life. Australia scores 61 in this context and thus it is the masculine society and believes in competition. Uncertainty avoidance is the element that focuses on the way a society deals with the future unknown situations. It is the extent to which the number of people feels threatened by the unknown situations coming their way. Singapore scores 8 on this dimension while Australia scores 51 in the same. This reflects that Singapore is abided by many rules and structures. Long term orientation is another important factor that needs to be considered in order to analyse the culture of the organisation. Singapore scores 72 in this context and thus it suggests that the society of Singapore reflects to be follow the long term approach in every sense (Taras, Kirkman and Steel 2010, 405). Australian society scores less in this context and thus suggests that the people here believe in short term approach and work as per the short term goals. The last element of this approach is indulgence that is related to the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses. Australian society scores 71 in this context and thus suggests that the society is indulgent in nature. They possess optimistic nature. As far as Singapore is considered, it has been analysed that it scores 41 which is quite low and thus it is difficult to determine the preference as the score is in middle (Karkoulian and Osman 2014, 54-56). If the organisational perspectives are being concerned, it has been analysed that there are different types of powers that has been used by the leaders and these powers are highly influenced by the national culture of the place or the region where the organisation is operating. In todays borderless world, culture is considered as the very critical competitive advantage for the companies. Therefore, the cross cultural leadership is the one that is highly impacted by the cross cultural management (Liao 2008, 169-182). In cross cultural management, leadership behaviour can be explained by the culture and power is the element that influences leadership to behave a particular way. The type of power that has been used by the leaders makes the leadership behaviour of that leader. To understand the efficiency of the leader and his working, it is required to analyse the power sources used by the leaders. Power can be defined as the potential influence of the agent on the attitude and behaviour of the designated person. In order to understand power, it is required to classify the powers on some bases. French and Raven has classified the same under five categories that are legitimate, reward, coercive, expert and referent. Legitimate is the power that deals with imposing the responsibility to the other person by the leaders. It is the ability of the leaders to impose the responsibility or the power to other people. This power is more related to the designation of the leader than his own influence on his followers. It has been realised that as the position of the designation of the person gone then he also lose the power to impose the responsibility on others (Vigoda-Gadot and Beeri 2011, 573-596). These types of power are generally remains in the hands of the political leaders or the CEO of the companies etc. another power is coercive power that refers to the ability of the person to provide rewards or punishments. The major issue in this power is that, the leaders with this power cannot take decisions alone and provision and rewards are punishments are abided by some of the rules. Expert power is another type of power in which the leaders provide advice or information to other people. This is the powe r where the ideas and the knowledge of the expert are being valued. Referent power deals with the ability of the people with the feelings of personal acceptance, approval, efficacy or worth. Referent power comes when one person likes another and follows the path of that person. Such as, celebrities have this kind of power. If the impact of culture on the power is considered, it has been analysed that power distance is one of the factors that has been discussed in the hofstede model. If china is confided, it has been identified that Singapore is the place having high score in this context and thus, it has been realised that it is the county with legitimate type of power while Australia on the other hand has very low score and thus the power that may be used in the organisations in Australia would be expert or referent. Australia being an individualistic country, the employees at Australia have to act as the economic men and thus mutual interest should be met between the managers and the employees (Storey, 2010). It has been analysed thus expert power helps the managers of the company to deal with the employees to perform some task. Singapore is the place with collectivist beliefs and thus legitimate power is very apt for the culture like that of Singapore. It can be justified with the analysed that cult ure or the national culture of the region affects the type of power that has been used by the leaders in the organisation at that place. It has been analysed that the situations also affect the source of power that has been used by the people along with the national culture. Whenever any change needs to be implemented in the organisation, it has been analysed that the use of power should be effective enough to make the changes efficiently. Organisational change management is the framework that deals with managing any kind of change or modification in the organisation in terms of process, structure, etc. leadership and the influence of power is the very important element to be considered. In the process of change management, the power remains in the hands of the CEOs, leaders, managers, board of directors etc. it has been analysed that this is the power that influences the change in the organisation. As discussed that there are many bases on which the powers are categorised. The efficiency of the use of the type of power depends upon the culture of the organisation on which the poser is being used. In case of Singapore, it has been analysed that DBS bank, Singtel are some of the organisation that uses legitimate power or leadership when any of the change needs to be implemented. The reason is the power distance acceptance nature of the people in those organisations (Swartz 2010). If the expert power or the open discussion has been used as the method to bring the change, it will not be effective and efficient for the place like Singapore. The people cannot accept such process of bringing the change as they have the nature of accepting the orders from the superior and thus they cannot make decisions on their own. As far as the case of Australia is considered, it has been analysed that it is the place where the people believes in short term goals and power distance is very low, the organisation are flat in nature and the hierarchical organisations are less. Thus, it has been analysed that the legitimate power will not work because the people in Australia are individualistic in nature and work only when they feel that they are being benefitted. Use of expert power can work in Australia but the legitimate power cannot work. Sometimes, it depends on the situation and the type of the organisation that suggests which power needs to be used but national culture and the nature of the organisation is the main factors to affect the type of power. This discussion concludes that power is the very important and crucial part of the business and the change programs of the companies. It is very important to use the powers in the positive way and it is even more important to use the relevant power as per the culture of the organisation. Various kinds of bases have been discussed in the essay for the categorisation of the power that was given by French and Raven (Barth-Farkas and Antonio Vera 2014, 217-232). Power can be use efficiently or inefficiently, it is the relevancy and the nature of the leader that makes it use effective and optimum for the growth of the organisation. Different situations need to be handled in different ways. The attitude and the behaviour of the leader is the very major thing that supports the change management in the organisation. It has been realised from the essay that the national culture also affects the type of power used in the organisations. The Hofstede model of cultural dimension has suggested som e basis on which the countries hit the scores. In this essay Singapore and Australia has been taken as an example for studying the whole concept. The comparison between Singapore and Australia has been claimed by the use of the Hofstede model which has provided clear understanding of the study. References: Barth-Farkas, Faye, and Antonio Vera. "Power and transformational leadership in public organizations."International journal of leadership in public services10, no. 4 (2014): 217-232. Kang, Doo Syen, and Teresa Mastin. "How cultural difference affects international tourism public relations websites: A comparative analysis using Hofstede's cultural dimensions."Public relations review34, no. 1 (2008): 54-56. Karkoulian, Silva, and Yasmine Osman. "The effect of French and Raven power on knowledge acquisition, knowledge creation and knowledge sharing: An empirical investigation in Lebanese organizations."Oxford Journal: An International Journal of Business Economics2, no. 1 (2014). Liao, Li-Fen. "Impact of manager's social power on RD employees' knowledge-sharing behaviour."International Journal of Technology Management41, no. 1-2 (2008): 169-182. Migliore, Laura Ann. "Relation between big five personality traits and Hofstede's cultural dimensions: Samples from the USA and India."Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal18, no. 1 (2011): 38-54. Smith, Ian. "Achieving readiness for organisational change."Library management26, no. 6/7 (2005): 408-412. Soares, Ana Maria, Minoo Farhangmehr, and Aviv Shoham. "Hofstede's dimensions of culture in international marketing studies."Journal of business research60, no. 3 (2007): 277-284. Storey, John. Culture and power in cultural studies: The politics of signification. Edinburgh University Press, 2010. Swartz, David. Culture and power: The sociology of Pierre Bourdieu. University of Chicago Press, 2012. Taras, Vas, Bradley L. Kirkman, and Piers Steel. "Examining the impact of culture's consequences: A three-decade, multilevel, meta-analytic review of Hofstede's cultural value dimensions."Journal of Applied Psychology95, no. 3 (2010): 405. Todnem By, Rune. "Organisational change management: A critical review."Journal of change management5, no. 4 (2005): 369-380. Vigoda-Gadot, Eran, and Itai Beeri. "Change-oriented organizational citizenship behavior in public administration: The power of leadership and the cost of organizational politics."Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory22, no. 3 (2011): 573-596.